2.9-inch E-Paper: GDEY029T94 / ESP32

Identify the exact panel

This guide covers GDEY029T94, a 296×128 monochrome SPI panel using SSD1680. Check the flexible-cable marking and driver-board documentation. A screen of the same size or controller family is not automatically interchangeable.

What you need

• The identified panel and a compatible driver board with documented 3.3 V logic support.
• A classic ESP32-WROOM-32 development board, USB data cable and short jumper wires.
• Arduino IDE, Espressif ESP32 board support, GxEPD2 and Adafruit GFX.

A raw FPC panel needs the matching drive circuitry; do not connect its flexible cable directly to ESP32 GPIOs. Confirm whether the selected product option includes a driver board.

Example wiring

Power off before connecting. For this classic ESP32 example, connect the driver module as follows. Supply voltage must follow the driver board specification; do not assume a 5 V supply implies 5 V signal tolerance.

MISO is unused. These are example assignments, not pinouts for C3, S3 or an integrated board. Handle any driver-board power-enable signal using its schematic.

Display a first image

1. Install the libraries and select the exact ESP32 board and serial port.
2. Confirm that the installed GxEPD2 version includes GxEPD2_290_GDEY029T94.
3. Upload the sketch below and open Serial Monitor at 115200 baud.
4. Expect a black border and text on white. A retained old image does not prove that the display has powered up.

#include <SPI.h>
#include <GxEPD2_BW.h>

constexpr int CS_PIN = 27, DC_PIN = 26;
constexpr int RST_PIN = 25, BUSY_PIN = 33;
GxEPD2_BW<GxEPD2_290_GDEY029T94, GxEPD2_290_GDEY029T94::HEIGHT> display(
  GxEPD2_290_GDEY029T94(CS_PIN, DC_PIN, RST_PIN, BUSY_PIN));

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  SPI.begin(18, -1, 23, CS_PIN);
  display.epd2.selectSPI(SPI, SPISettings(4000000, MSBFIRST, SPI_MODE0));
  display.init(115200);
  display.setRotation(1);
  display.setFullWindow();
  display.firstPage();
  do {
    display.fillScreen(GxEPD_WHITE);
    display.setTextColor(GxEPD_BLACK);
    display.setTextSize(2);
    display.setCursor(12, 20);
    display.print("ESP32S E-Paper");
    display.drawRect(8, 8, display.width()-16, display.height()-16, GxEPD_BLACK);
  } while (display.nextPage());
  display.hibernate();
}

void loop() {}

The selected rotation determines landscape/portrait orientation. The first test uses a full refresh and deliberately stays static. Display hibernation does not put the ESP32 into deep sleep. This monochrome sketch does not demonstrate four-level grayscale, even if another vendor example offers a grayscale waveform.

Images and memory

Prepare a one-bit black/white bitmap in the desired orientation and use a supported GFX bitmap API inside the page loop. A tightly packed full image requires approximately 4,736 bytes, before row padding or additional buffers. Scale and dither artwork before embedding it; do not pass JPEG bytes directly to a monochrome bitmap drawing function.

Partial updates and application design

The matching GxEPD2 driver advertises partial-update support. First prove full refresh, then study its partial-window example. Keep the required previous-image state, respect window alignment and follow panel-specific timing and temperature limits. Do not promise the product-page refresh figure for every library mode or operating condition.

For a sensor label or dashboard, separate data collection from drawing. Refresh only when useful content changes, include a last-updated indication and finish the display operation before sleeping or switching off its power.

Troubleshooting

References and support

Reviewed October 15, 2026. This is an original ESP32S integration guide based on the listed documentation; it has not been tested on a physical unit here. Match the supplied hardware revision before using a driver or firmware image.

• Panel manufacturer reference
• Exact GxEPD2 driver definition
• GxEPD2 library and examples

See the e-paper setup and troubleshooting basics and firmware flashing guide. For support, send the product link, panel/PCB markings, software version, wiring and serial log.